Investment programs have gained significant popularity in recent years, and many countries offer temporary residence permits, permanent residency status, and even citizenship to foreign investors who make financial contributions to their economies.
These programs represent a means for individuals to secure alternative passports, offering them greater mobility, access to global markets, and expanded opportunities for themselves and their families.
With the rise of globalization and increasing interconnectedness, these programs have become a viable option for high-net-worth individuals, entrepreneurs, and investors seeking to diversify their citizenship portfolio or gain access to favorable tax regimes, educational opportunities, and healthcare systems.
However, each program has its own set of requirements, benefits, and potential pitfalls, and it is crucial for prospective applicants to conduct thorough research and carefully evaluate their options before making any commitments.
In this comprehensive guide, we will compare and contrast some of the leading citizenship-by-investment programs around the world, providing valuable insights and analysis to help individuals make informed decisions.
From the Caribbean islands to European nations and beyond, we will delve into the key features of each program, including investment thresholds, residency requirements, citizenship acquisition timelines, and associated benefits.
Here’s what we’ll cover below:
- What are citizenship by investment programs
- Investment requirements for CBI programs
- Citizenship by investment programs comparison
- Best Caribbean citizenship by investment programs
- Top European citizenship by investment programs, and more!
What is citizenship by investment?
Put simply, citizenship is a social contract between the individual and the state to work together for mutual benefits. It is a symbiotic relationship, where the citizen accepts legal responsibility and, in return, the state becomes their home country, empowering them to fully participate and thrive in society.
Naturally, a passport is an extension of this. A stamp of sorts that provides the citizen with the right to enter and leave the country freely and enjoy visa-free access to certain countries. However, not all passports are created equal. Each passport varies in strength and desirability, so it’s essential to compare their strengths and find which qualities appeal to you.
Citizenship by investment programs, also known as economic citizenship programs, have become increasingly popular, with several countries now offering streamlined application processes. These programs were created because governments need foreign direct investment to boost their country’s economy.
Each citizenship program will have specific criteria set forth by a government through which an individual can apply. In return, they obtain the nation’s citizenship by investing.
For example, real estate purchases, a capital transfer to a national bank account, or a deposit into an investment fund are the highlighted investment choices in some CBI countries. Other citizenship programs revolve around donating or contributing to a national development fund.
Considering not every program is the same, there is often confusion about which program legitimately provides direct economic citizenship in a new country versus residency by investment programs granting citizenship through naturalization further down the line.
The Benefits of Citizenship by Investment
Citizenship by investment programs offer several benefits to individuals and families. Here are some of the key advantages:
Travel freedom
Travel freedomMany citizenship by investment programs provide visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to a large number of countries, which can be particularly valuable for individuals from countries with more restrictive passports.
Business opportunities
Business opportunitiesCitizenship in a different country can provide better business opportunities, including easier access to international markets and better business environments.
Tax benefits
Tax benefitsSome countries offer favorable tax regimes for new citizens, which can be beneficial for personal and corporate tax planning.
Personal security
Personal securityAcquiring citizenship in a politically stable country can provide a safe haven in times of political unrest or instability in one’s home country.
Some individuals seek citizenship by investment to ensure personal and family safety, particularly in regions with high crime rates or social unrest.
Quality of life
Quality of lifeMany countries offering citizenship by investment boast high standards of living, superior healthcare, and top-tier educational institutions. These benefits can significantly enhance the quality of life for individuals and their families, providing access to better services and a cleaner, more organized living environment. The overall lifestyle improvements can lead to greater satisfaction and well-being.
Global mobility
Global mobilityCitizenship by investment often comes with the right to reside not only in the new country but sometimes in neighboring countries or regions as well. For instance, EU citizenship allows residency in any EU member state. This can be particularly advantageous for those seeking flexibility in their living arrangements and the ability to relocate as needed.
Financial flexibility
Financial flexibilityWith citizenship in a new country, individuals gain easier access to international banking and diverse investment opportunities. This can lead to better management and growth of assets, taking advantage of favorable legal and financial jurisdictions. Additionally, it provides an effective strategy for asset protection by diversifying holdings across multiple countries.
Family inclusion
Family inclusionMost citizenship by investment programs permits the main applicant to include family members, such as spouses, children, and sometimes parents and siblings. This means the entire family can benefit from improved travel freedom, security, and quality of life, ensuring that loved ones are also taken care of and have access to the same opportunities.
Citizenship by Investment Countries
Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs allow individuals to obtain citizenship in a country by making a significant investment in that country. Here are some countries that offer CBI programs:
1. Caribbean Nations:
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- Antigua and Barbuda: Citizenship through a minimum investment in real estate, a contribution to the National Development Fund, or a business investment.
- Dominica: Citizenship through a donation to the Economic Diversification Fund or an investment in pre-approved real estate.
- Grenada: Citizenship through a contribution to the National Transformation Fund or an investment in real estate.
- Saint Kitts and Nevis: Citizenship through a contribution to the Sustainable Growth Fund or an investment in real estate.
- Saint Lucia: Citizenship through a donation to the National Economic Fund, an investment in real estate, or government bonds.
2. European Nations:
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- Malta: Citizenship through the Malta Individual Investor Programme, which involves a contribution to the National Development and Social Fund, an investment in government-approved financial instruments, and a property purchase or lease.
- Cyprus: Cyprus previously offered a CBI program requiring investment in real estate, businesses, or government bonds, but this program was suspended in 2020.
- Bulgaria: Citizenship through investment in government bonds or other qualifying investment options.
3. Vanuatu:
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- Citizenship through a donation to the Development Support Program.
These programs vary in their requirements, benefits, and processing times, and we’ll talk about them in more detail in the sections below.
Requirements for Citizenship by Investment Programs
Countries that offer citizenship through investing each have different requirements that foreign investors must fulfill to acquire citizenship. For example, some programs request medical exams, which require candidates to prove they are in good health; others do not.
The vast majority of countries do, however, demand the following:
- That you are over 18 years old
- That you have a clean criminal background
- That you have a good character
- That your investment funds come from a legal source
All the countries with citizenship by investment require passing the Due Diligence check
Citizenship by Investment Programs: The Investment Requirements
Citizenship by investment programs typically offer various types of investments that individuals can make to qualify for citizenship. The specific investment options vary depending on the country and its economic priorities.
Here are some common types of investments available in citizenship and residence programs around the world:
Transfer of funds or purchasing government bonds
A transfer of funds, purchasing government bonds, or a bank deposit is one of the fastest ways to become a citizen through investing. The benefit of government bonds and bank deposits is that if your application is unsuccessful, your money is refunded.
Real estate investment
Purchasing real estate can, in some cases, be more costly and involve more paperwork and bureaucracy. However, at the same time, depending on which country you choose to invest in, an investment in real estate can bring considerable returns.
Donation
You can acquire a second passport in exchange for a charitable qualifying donation to an economic development fund. This is the cheapest and fastest option to obtain a new citizenship. However, the contributions are non-refundable and provide no investment returns.
Establishing a business
Several citizenship by investment programs provide dual citizenship to investors who create new businesses or invest in existing companies in the country. This could entail investing a minimum amount into the business or creating jobs for citizens and residents.
Key Factors to Consider When Comparing Citizenship Programs
With various citizenship by investment options available, the most suitable program for you depends on your individual goals and how well they resonate with the particular features offered by each option. Here are some factors to consider when comparing citizenship by investment programs:
Investment options
Investment options list in the CBI Index Report directly impact the financial implications and benefits for the applicant. Options, such as real estate, government bonds, or business ventures, require careful evaluation as these investment options are at the higher end of the capital required. The implications of potential returns on investment and the overall financial risk can affect the applicant’s standing as a global investor. Cheaper alternatives, like non-refundable contributions, bear no future financial obligations and primarily serve as a straightforward method of acquiring second citizenship.
Additionally, investment options influence the applicant’s ability to align their investment strategy with their financial goals and preferences. Some applicants may prioritize security and seek low-risk investments, while others might be more interested in higher potential returns and are willing to take on greater risk.
Tax planning
Individuals’ financial well-being and long-term wealth management hugely depend on their tax payments. Citizenship programs have varying tax implications, including income tax, capital gains tax, and inheritance tax. Engaging in comprehensive tax planning allows applicants to assess how each program aligns with their financial situation and objectives.
By understanding the tax laws and tax benefits of the target country and how they interact with the applicant’s current tax residency, individuals can make informed decisions to optimize their tax burden and preserve their wealth. Strategic tax optimization can result in considerable savings, increased investment returns, and enhanced financial security, making it a crucial factor in selecting the most suitable program.
Enhanced mobility
A big bone to pick for many international travelers is the requirement to obtain visas to visit numerous countries worldwide. The Global Passport Index demonstrates how each citizenship program has its visa-free travel privileges and restrictions. Assessing the visa-free access offered by different citizenship programs will make all the difference when seeking seamless travel experiences for leisure or business purposes.
Gaining insight into the visa requirements and travel limitations of potential target countries allows applicants to make informed decisions that align with their travel preferences and global lifestyle. Moreover, travel freedom is pivotal in facilitating business opportunities and expanding hassle-free international ventures.
Citizenship insurance
At the top of the list of considerations for many CBI applicants is citizenship insurance, also referred to as dual citizenship. It serves as a fallback against unforeseen political, economic, or social changes in the applicant’s home country. Insurance on citizenship refers to the additional layer of security and peace of mind that comes with obtaining citizenship in a second country, ensuring that in the event of any adverse circumstances or political upheavals in one country of citizenship, the individual retains the right to live, work, and seek assistance in the other.
Family security
Acquiring second citizenship through investing often involves a long-term commitment, and the decision can significantly impact the lives of spouses, children, and other financial dependents. Considering family security entails evaluating the extent to which each program offers benefits and protections for the entire family unit, including dependent children, elderly parents, or unmarried partners as well as future generations. Assessing factors like access to education, healthcare, employment opportunities, and social security for family members is vital, as it directly affects their quality of life and prospects.
How to Choose the Top Citizenship by Investment Program
Your choice of citizenship by investment program will depend entirely on your circumstances and objectives. However, some investment programs are more popular than others. We’ve compiled a comparison table for citizenship by investment broken down into relevant categories of some of the most successful programs for you to compare.
Investment options and cost
Country | Minimum Investment | Type of Investment | Application Fees | Family Fees (Per Dependent) | Income/Savings Requirements |
 Antigua and Barbuda | $100,000 | Contribution to state fund, Real estate investment, Donation to University of the West Indies Fund, Business investment | $37,500 | $2,000 to $7,500 ($0 for children under 12) | None |
 Austria | €2 million | Contribution to government fund, Investment in a joint venture, Venture capital investment, Invest in an innovative business or industry considered "first priority" | €800 | €800 | None |
 Cambodia | $245,000 | Government contribution, Real estate investment | $85,000 | $5,000 | None |
 Dominica | $100,000 | Government contribution, Real estate investment | $9,250 | $55,000 (spouse), $90,000 (family of four) (No due diligence fee for children 16 and under) | None |
 Egypt | $250,000 | Government contribution, Real estate investment, Bank deposit, Business investment | $10,000 | $10,000 | None |
 Grenada | $150,000 | Government contribution, Real estate investment | $8,000 | $72,000 (family of four) (No due diligence fee for children 16 and under) | None |
 Jordan | $750,000 | Real estate investment, Purchase treasury bonds, Bank deposit, Purchase company shares, Investment project with job creation | Not listed | Not listed | None |
 Malta | €690,000 | Government contribution, donation, and real estate purchase or lease | €31,000 | €12,000 to €27,000 | None |
 Moldova | €100,000 | Government contribution | €46,000 | €41,000 to €46,000 | None |
 North Macedonia | €200,000 | Investment in a private equity fund, Business investment with job creation | €20,000 | €10,000 to €20,000 | None |
 St. Kitts and Nevis | $250,000 | Government contribution, Real estate investment, Investment in Public Benefit Projects | $7,500 | $29,000 (spouse), $49,000 to $57,000 (family of four) (No due diligence fee for children 15 and under) | None |
 St. Lucia | $100,000 | Government contribution, Real estate investment, Business Investment | $9,500 | $46,000 (spouse), $58,000 to $68,000 (family of four) (No due diligence fee for children 15 and under) | None |
 Turkey | $250,000 | Government contribution, Real estate investment, Purchase government bonds, Capital investment, Business investment with job creation | $2,000 | $1,500 | None |
 Vanuatu | $130,000 | Government contribution | $5,500 | $25,500 (spouse) plus $20,500 per child | $250,000 |
Required documentation and prerequisites
Country | Character Requirements | Mandatory Visit | Stay Requirement | Minimum Investment Period | Language Proficiency Requirement |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Provide bank statements and employer references, Not from a prohibited country | No | Five days within five years | Five years (not applicable for cheapest investment) | No |
| Austria | Over 18, A non-EU national, Good health, Clean criminal record, Not from a prohibited country, Proof of business track record, Pass a citizenship test | Yes | Yes | Not listed | Yes |
| Cambodia | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Not from a prohibited country, Pass a citizenship test | Yes | No | Five Years | No |
| Dominica | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Not from a prohibited country | No | No | hree years (not applicable for cheapest investment) | No |
| Egypt | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Not from a prohibited country | Yes | No | Three years (Not applicable for cheapest investment) | No |
| Grenada | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Not from a prohibited country | No | No | Five years (not applicable for cheapest investment) | No |
| Jordan | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Proof of adequate funds | No | No | Three Years | No |
| Malta | Over 18, A non-EU national, Good health, Clean criminal record, Proof of adequate funds, Not from a prohibited country | Yes | No | Five Years | No |
| Moldova | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Not have been denied entry to a Moldova visa-free country | Yes | No | N/A | No |
| North Macedonia | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Proof of adequate funds | Yes | No | N/A | No |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Not from a prohibited country | No | No | Five years (not applicable for cheapest investment) | No |
| St. Lucia | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Not from a prohibited country | No | No | Five years (not applicable for cheapest investment) | No |
| Turkey | Over 18, Good health, Clean criminal record, Not from a prohibited country | No | No | Three Years | No |
| Vanuatu | Over 18 and under 65, Good health, Clean criminal record, Not from a prohibited country | No | No | N/A | No |
Details and benefits
Country | Time until Citizenship | Taxes Advantages | Visa-free Access | GPI Ranking | Dual Citizenship |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Three to six months | No capital gains, inheritance, wealth, or worldwide income taxes, Tax breaks on qualifying companies’ profits for up to 20 years | 150 countries | 59th | Yes |
| Austria | 24 to 36 months | No inheritance or wealth tax | 174 countries | 19th | No |
| Cambodia | Three to four months | No inheritance or wealth tax | 88 countries | 151st | Yes |
| Dominica | Three to six months | No capital gains, inheritance, wealth, or worldwide income taxes | 146 countries | 78th | Yes |
| Egypt | Six to nine months | No inheritance or wealth tax | 82 countries | 142nd | Yes |
| Grenada | Three to six months | No capital gains, inheritance, wealth, or worldwide income taxes | 147 countries | 74th | Yes |
| Jordan | Three to six months | No capital gains, inheritance, wealth, or worldwide income taxes | 81 countries | 145th | Yes |
| Malta | 12 months | No capital gains, inheritance, or wealth taxes | 172 countries | 34th | Yes |
| Moldova | Three to four months | N/A | 130 countries | 81st | Yes |
| North Macedonia | Two to five months | A flat ten percent tax rate | 139 countries | 79th | Yes |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | Four months | No capital gains, inheritance, wealth, or worldwide income taxes | 153 countries | 53rd | Yes |
| St. Lucia | Three to six months | No capital gains, inheritance, wealth, or worldwide income taxes, Annual fee tax regime for corporations | 148 countries | 75th | Yes |
| Turkey | Three to four months | No worldwide income or wealth taxes | 129 countries | 94th | Yes |
| Vanuatu | Two months | Zero taxes | 112 countries | 102nd | Yes |
Unique selling point
Country | USP |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Cheapest CBI program for a family of four, with a total investment of $145,000 to $153,000 |
| Austria | Safest CBI country, ranking fifth overall in the Global Peace Index |
| Cambodia | Three to four months - No inheritance or wealth tax - 88 countries - 151st - Yes |
| Dominica | Cheapest CBI program for a single applicant, with a total investment of $110,000 |
| Egypt | The only African CBI program |
| Grenada | Only Caribbean CBI country offering the change to settle in the USA through the US E-2 Visa Program |
| Jordan | The cheapest real estate by square meter of all countries offering citizenship programs |
| Malta | The cheapest and fastest EU citizenship program |
| Moldova | The cheapest European citizenship program for a single applicant and family |
| North Macedonia | The lowest income tax of any European country offering CBI, with a flat tax rate of ten percent |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | The highest ranking CBI Caribbean passport of Caribbean countries on the Global Passport Index |
| St. Lucia | Among the lowest minimum investment required in real estate at $200,000 with a cheap real estate market compared to other Caribbean CBI countries |
| Turkey | No prerequisites for investing in pre-approved real estate, and lower cost of living than the rest of Europe |
| Vanuatu | The fastest CBI program available with passports issued within 60 days, and no additional fees for fast-track processing |
Best European Citizenship by Investment Programs
Malta citizenship by naturalization
Launched after the Malta citizenship by naturalization scheme came to an end, the Maltese Citizenship by Naturalization for Exceptional Services by Direct Investment (CES), often inaccurately referred to as the Malta citizenship by investment program, provides non-EU nationals with a Maltese passport through naturalization and citizenship in a new country. Qualification requirements stipulate that the main applicant invests at least €600,000 or €750,000 in the country’s economic development. Additionally, the program requires a minimum property purchase of €700,000 or a five-year lease of at least €16,000 annually and a donation of €10,000.
Real estate investors are also required to pass stringent due diligence processes. Successful individuals become eligible for Malta citizenship by naturalization. They can qualify for a Malta passport, providing citizenship in an EU member country and the right to live, work, and study in Malta or anywhere else in the European Union.
Take a look at our Malta Citizenship Program Ultimate Guide
Best Caribbean Citizenship by Investment Programs
Are you looking for a new lifestyle or simply a second home? Caribbean citizenship (CBI) programs are highly rated because Caribbean countries offer citizenship through the quickest, most straightforward processes. They are the cheapest citizenship programs to obtain second passports for single applicants and for those including family members.
Caribbean passports have other advantages such as visa-free access to over 140 countries, and plenty of tax benefits. Caribbean citizens usually don’t have to pay taxes on worldwide income, capital gains, and inheritance.
While many Caribbean citizenship by investment programs exist, here are some of the most popular Caribbean economic citizenship schemes to secure citizenship.
Dominica citizenship by investment
The Caribbean island of Dominica offers one of the cheapest and fastest routes to get a passport by investment. Starting from $100,000 investment, you and your immediate family can obtain a second passport in three to six months. Dominica’s passport ranking is 78th in the world, and the passport offers visa free travel to over 140 destinations, with visa free countries including those in Europe’s Schengen Area.
Take a look at our Dominica Citizenship Ultimate Guide by local experts
Antigua and Barbuda citizenship by investment
The Antigua and Barbuda citizenship by investment program offers a second passport with enhanced visa free travel to qualifying investors of this Caribbean island. There are three investment options:
- Donating to the National Development Fund
- Buying property
- Investing in a business
As with other Caribbean economic citizenship (CBI) programs, processing and due diligence fees apply to any type of investment. What makes Antigua and Barbuda attractive is it ranks as the safest country in the Caribbean for relocation. Also, it consists of 3 islands with crystal clear blue waters, stunning scenery, and a relaxed pace of life. As a haven for sailing and scuba diving, Antigua and Barbuda citizenship by investment remains a popular option.
St. Kitts citizenship by investment
Launched in 1984, the St Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment program is the longest-running of all Caribbean CBIs.
For an investment starting amount starting at $250,000, investors and their families are able to obtain a Caribbean passport in just four months. Fast, reliable, and relatively affordable, this immigration scheme has been a true success, greatly contributing to boosting the country’s economy.
Investment options for this program include:
- Donating to the Sustainable Island State Contribution (formally the Sustainable Growth Fund)
- Investing in an approved real estate project
- Contributing to an Approved Public Benefit Project
St. Lucia citizenship by investment
As a tropical Eastern Caribbean island with a high-earning population, exemplary safety records, and various landscapes to soak in, St. Lucia has everything, including the competitive St Lucia citizenship by investment program. The application process is straightforward and quick, with the overall process of citizenship taking just two to three months.
The requirements of this Caribbean island include a clean health record, paying government fees, and satisfying one of the following investments:
- Donating to the St. Lucia National Economic Fund
- Purchasing government bonds
- Investing in real estate projects
- Investment in enterprises
Take a look at our St. Lucia Citizenship Ultimate Guide by local experts
Citizenship by Investment versus Residency by Investment
There are two different investment routes to citizenship, which vary depending on the country of choice.
For example, you can get permanent residence cards in an EU country, eventually leading to EU citizenship after a minimum residency period. You can do this through investment residence programs, also known as Golden Visa programs. Golden Visas in the European Union allow you to obtain a higher-ranking second passport, albeit typically at a higher cost, with second passports granted after five years or more.
Golden Visas are not the same as citizenship by investment. It is a residence permit that can eventually lead to citizenship through naturalization, provided that you fulfill the investment and residence requirements first. In contrast, CBI countries offer citizenship and a second passport, with no residency requirements as part of the criteria to receive citizenship.
Golden Visa Program Comparison
There are several Golden Visa programs available in Europe and countries worldwide, including:
- Portugal
- Greece
- Malta
- Spain
- Italy
- Cyprus
- United Arab Emirates
- United States
The primary differences between residence permit programs are the investment requirement, length of residency, processing time, and residency requirements.
Portugal Golden Visa
The Portugal Golden Visa investment amount starts at €250,000. Currently, the program’s investment options are:
- Contributing to the restoration of cultural heritage
- Purchasing units of investment funds
- Creating ten jobs for Portuguese residents
- Establishing a business that creates jobs
Eligible family members include the applicant’s spouse or legal partner, unmarried children under 18 or in full-time education, and dependent parents of the applicant and spouse under 65.
There is a residency requirement of seven days per year, and applicants can apply for permanent residency or citizenship after five years.
Greece Golden Visa
The Greece Golden Visa is a permanent visa investment program starting at €250,000 and offers several investment options, including:
- Real estate investment
- Capital contribution to an investment fund
- Purchasing government bonds
- Depositing funds into a national bank
Eligible family members include the applicant’s spouse or legal partner, unmarried children under 21, and dependent parents and grandparents of the applicant and spouse.
There is no residency requirement. Applicants can remove conditional permanent residency after five years and apply for citizenship after seven years of residency.
Malta Permanent Residence Program
The Malta Permanent Residence Program is an investment program starting at €110,000 and requires applicants to make a real estate investment, government contribution, and philanthropic donation.
Eligible family members include the applicant’s spouse or legal partner, children under 18 or over 18 if largely dependent, and dependent parents and grandparents of the applicant and spouse.
There is no residency requirement. Applicants can remove conditional permanent residency after five years and apply for citizenship after seven years of residency.
Spain Golden Visa
The Spain Golden Visa is an investment program starting at €500,000 and offers several investment options, including:
- Real estate investment
- Contributing to public debt securities
- Business investment
- Depositing funds into a national bank
Eligible family members include the applicant’s spouse or legal partner, unmarried children under 18 and over 18 if financially dependent, and dependent parents.
There is no residency requirement. Applicants can remove conditional permanent residency after five years and apply for citizenship after ten years of residency.
Italy Golden Visa
The Italy Golden Visa is an investment program starting at €250,000 and offers several investment options, including:
- Making a philanthropic donation
- Purchasing government bonds
- Business investment
- Purchasing corporate shares
Eligible family members include the applicant’s spouse or legal partner, children under 18 and over 18 if financially dependent, and dependent parents.
There is no residency requirement. Applicants can remove conditional permanent residency after five years and apply for citizenship after ten years of residency.
Cyprus Permanent Residence Program
The Cyprus Permanent Residence Program is an investment program granting a permanent residence permit through a €300,000 investment. Applicants have the option to:
- Purchase real estate
- Invest in a mutual fund
- Purchase company shares
Eligible family members include the applicant’s spouse or legal partner, unmarried children under 18 or between 18 and 25 if in full-time education and financially dependent, and dependent parents of the applicant and spouse.
There is no residency requirement. Applicants can remove conditional permanent residency after five years and apply for citizenship after seven years of residency.
UAE Golden Visa
The UAE Golden Visa is a long-term investment program starting at $545,000 for real estate investment. There is also the option of:
- Investing in a business
- Depositing funds in a national bank
- Paying taxes
Eligible candidates for the UAE Golden Visa include outstanding professionals in specific fields, such as medicine, innovation, engineering, and culture.
Applicants can include their spouse, children, parents, and domestic workers in their Golden Visa application. There is no residency requirement. UAE citizenship is typically granted through exceptional merit or 30 years of residency.
US EB-5 Visa Program
The US EB-5 Visa Program is an investment program leading to permanent residency (Green Card). Foreign nationals must invest at least $1.050 million in a business that creates ten full-time jobs or $800,000 if investing in a Targeted Employment Area (an area of high unemployment).
Eligible family members include the applicant’s spouse and children under 21. Applicants are not permitted to spend more than 12 months abroad. They can remove conditional Green Card status after two years and apply for citizenship after five years of residency.
What Golden Visa to Pick? Compare on our Ultimate Golden Visa Guide
Country | Residency Type | Minimum Investment | Processing Time | Residency Requirements | Mandatory Holding Period |
 Portugal | Temporary | €250,000 | 9 to 12 months | Seven days annually | Five years |
 Greece | Permanent | €250,000 | 6 to 8 weeks | No | Five years |
 Malta | Permanent | €110,000 | 4 to 6 months | No | Five years |
 Spain | Temporary | €500,000 | 30 days | No | Five years |
 Italy | Temporary | €250,000 | 3 to 4 months | No | Five years |
 Cyprus | Permanent | €300,000 | 2 months | Visit every two years | Five years |
 United Arab Emirates | Temporary | $545,000 | 30 days | No | Five to ten years |
 United States | Temporary | $800,000 | 3 to 6 months | No more than 12 months abroad | Five years |
The Importance of Citizenship Planning
Let’s face it; only some have the need or finances to seek citizenship through economic citizenship programs. Citizenship planning takes time, money, resources, and effort. However, the rewards surpass the challenges, mainly if you are among the less privileged passport holders. This includes several advantages, such as reducing your tax obligations, overseas consular assistance, asset protection, and an insurance policy for you and your family.
Citizenship planning and expanding your investment portfolio in a globalized world is paramount and should not be understated. Obtaining second citizenship can be extremely rewarding, opening up countless opportunities. However, getting the wrong citizenship can cost you.
If you plan well and analyze the particulars outlined in each program, a passport by investment offers safety, infinite financial possibilities, and greater freedom. Some key questions to bear in mind before you even begin to consider which citizenship by investment program you should pursue are the following:
- What am I looking to get out of my investment?
- How much money do I want to invest in acquiring citizenship?
- Are financial dependents restricted to a spouse and children?
- Do I care more about obtaining a powerful passport, or am I okay with a reasonably average-ranking passport that provides other perks? #
- Do I want to relocate to the country I invest in?
- How much time can I set aside to dedicate to the investment for a business application?
- Do I want to do this on my own or enlist the help of a qualified migration specialist?
These are just some of the questions you should ask yourself when comparing citizenship and residency programs. It is also worth thinking about the benefits to family members. Having the answers to these questions will ultimately help you decide which citizenship by investment scheme to go for.
A residency by investment program may also be better suited to you, so research the residency by investment options available. An important piece of advice is to take your time. If you ever feel conceded, conflicted, or undecided, research all the possibilities and, if needed, ask a qualified industry expert.
How Can Global Citizen Solutions Help You?
Global Citizen Solutions is a boutique migration consultancy firm with years of experience delivering bespoke residence and citizenship by investment solutions for international families. With offices worldwide and an experienced, hands-on team, we have helped hundreds of clients worldwide acquire citizenship, residence visas, or homes while diversifying their portfolios with robust investments.
We guide you from start to finish, taking you beyond your citizenship or residency by investment application.
Frequently Asked Questions about Comparing Citizenship by Investment
Which is the best country for citizenship by investment?
The best country for citizenship by investment and the best passport depends entirely on your circumstances and intentions for you and your family. Turkish citizenship by investment could be the best option for investors seeking a cheap quality of life.
Caribbean nations like St. Lucia and Dominica offer the cheapest citizenship programs (CBI) with significant tax benefits that can reduce or eliminate taxes on capital gains, inheritance, and wealth. Malta’s naturalization program provides citizenship in the European Union and a Malta passport, offering extensive visa free access. You must weigh the options and decide which program suits your circumstances and ambitions.
How long does it take to get citizenship by investment?
The length of the entire process for citizenship (CBI) programs depends on the country you apply to. The Vanuatu citizenship by investment program has an application processing time of 60 days, whereas the general timeframe for most CBI programs is three to six months, provided that you fulfill the foreign direct investment criteria and due diligence checks. The investment route you choose can also affect the length of the application process. Economic contributions to national developments are typically the fastest investments.
Which programs offer the highest investment returns?
Real estate purchases in countries in the European Union, such as Portugal and Greece, have offered high returns in the past, particularly on rental properties in popular vacation spots. Caribbean countries with low real estate prices, like Dominica and St. Lucia, present promising opportunities for substantial returns in the near future.
What is citizenship by investment?
Citizenship by investment is a process by which an individual obtains a second citizenship and a second passport by investing in the country’s economy. Depending on the country, there are usually specific requirements for the investments you can make and different benefits associated with the passport you acquire. Families can also benefit from the program, as an investor’s family can be included in the application.
Which countries offer citizenship by investment?
Some countries which offer the opportunity to obtain citizenship by investment are Malta, St. Kitts and Nevis, and Grenada. Countries such as Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis, Grenada, and St. Lucia offer fast citizenship through investment programs to obtain a second passport and enhanced visa free access. Take St. Kitts and Nevis or Grenada as an example; After four months, you can secure a St. Kitts and Nevis passport or Grenada passport. So, if you want a quick route to economic citizenship and a second passport, St. Kitts and Nevis or other fast CBI programs may appeal to you.
While some countries do not have citizenship by investment programs, they may offer alternative investment routes to live in the country long-term and eventually acquire citizenship. Take the United States EB-5 and E-2 programs. Here, you can ultimately gain United States citizenship by naturalization.
The United Kingdom also offers a pathway to expedited naturalization, which you can learn more about here. The United Kingdom provides its version of a “United Kingdom Golden Visa,” inviting high-net-worth investors to obtain residence in the United Kingdom with a substantial investment. Permanent residency and eventual citizenship by naturalization is possible in exchange for an investment into the country’s economic prosperity.
Another example is Hong Kong, which, although it does not have a investment citizenship (CBI) program, has various routes to residency for entrepreneurs, professionals, and talent.
Do you need to relocate to get citizenship by investment?
In the best countries that grant citizenship through investing, you do not have to relocate from your home country to obtain citizenship by investment. In other countries, you must spend a short time in the country each year to maintain residency, and the residency requirement varies for each program. Regardless, you and your family may need to travel to the country to supply biometrics (note that dependents under a certain age may be exempt).
Do different citizenship by investment programs have varying requirements regarding language proficiency or cultural integration?
Most CBI programs waive the necessity to demonstrate language proficiency or cultural integration. Austria’s program requires applicants pursuing citizenship by investing to be fluent in German and have knowledge of the country’s traditions and values. Caribbean nations offering CBI programs do not have language or cultural integration prerequisites.
What are the differences in the processing times for citizenship by investment applications?
The processing times for citizenship by investment can vary significantly depending on factors such as the efficiency of the government agency handling the application, bureaucratic processes, and the type of investment chosen. Non-refundable financial contributions to a state fund generally have the fastest processing times, in which investors can receive citizenship within two to six months.
Minimum investments in real estate or businesses generally have longer processing times due to the required legal procedures and processes following the investment.
Does Portugal offer citizenship by investment?
Foreigners can obtain residency by investment in Portugal through the Golden Visa Program. The scheme allows non-EU nationals to get permanent residency status provided they make a significant investment in the country. After five years, they can apply for Portuguese citizenship.
What are the requirements for citizenship by investment programs?
Countries have different requirements that foreign investors must fulfill to acquire citizenship.
The vast majority of countries do, however, demand the following:
- That you are over 18 years old
- That you have a clean criminal background
- That you have a good character
- That your investment funds come from a legal source
All the countries with citizenship by investment require passing the Due Diligence check
What are the benefits of citizenship by investment programs in the Caribbean compared to European programs?
Caribbean citizenship by investment programs are lauded for their relatively lower investment thresholds and faster processing times. These programs are designed to be more accessible financially, making them attractive to a broader range of applicants. The Caribbean nations typically offer visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to numerous countries.
In contrast, European CBI programs often require higher financial investments but offer unique advantages. European programs typically provide access to a more extensive range of countries. Also, citizenship in an EU country allows for the right to live, work, and study anywhere in the EU, offering unmatched mobility and opportunities within one of the world’s largest and most developed economic zones.
Is citizenship by investment a good idea?
Citizenship by investment is a good idea for individuals seeking enhanced global mobility, personal security, and financial flexibility. For those from countries with restrictive passports, it offers the freedom to travel visa-free to numerous destinations, significantly easing international movement. Additionally, it can serve as a safeguard against political instability and economic uncertainty in one’s home country, providing a secure alternative residency.
